過去形と過去分詞の違い
過去分詞は何と対を成しているか?
それは、現在分詞(〜ing)と対を成している。
例
take – took – taking – taken
能動か受動かが違い、過去分詞は受動であるだけで過去ではない。したがって、last week、last yearなど過去を示す表現とセットで使うことはできない。
UFO
Unidentified Flying Object
現在完了形
現時点で今どうか
Present Perfect
現在に関わりを持つ
have、has + 過去分詞
過去分詞
studied
完了
I have cleaned my room.
現在も継続していなとだめ!
I cleaned my room.
Have you had lunch?
Did you have lunch?
Would you lend me book when you have finished reading it ?
経験
I lived in New York.
私はニューヨークに住んだことがあります。
期間が関連する動詞は完了形で使えない。
Have you eaten sashimi?
回数が関連する動詞は完了形で使用可能。
継続
I have lived in New York
→I have studied English for 20 years.
the last five days:過去5日間(現在も含む)
It has been raining off and on for the last
I have lived in Tokyo.
状態動詞:今も住んでいる
I have studied English.
勉強したことがあります。し終わりました。
Since I had often saw her mother before、I knew her at once.
To tell the truth:実を言うと
状態動詞でない動詞で継続を示す
be studying + have PP
have been studying
過去完了形
Past Perfect
”〜までに”という表現が必要。
例
I lost the important file I had received this morning.
When we got to the airport、the plane had already took off.
I had been waiting for an hour when my name was called.
未来完了形
futuer Perfect